Hari Buku Nasional merupakan sebuah perayaan untuk memperingati pentingnya budaya membaca. Setiap tahunnya, perayaan ini diperingati tepat pada 17 Mei. Peringatan Hari Buku Nasional (Harbuknas) telah dimulai sejak 2002. Menteri Pendidikan kala itu, Abdul Malik Fadjar, adalah orang yang pertama kali mencetuskan hari peringatan tersebut. Tanggal 17 Mei dipilih dengan dasar yang jelas. Penetapan Harbuknas kala itu didasarkan dengan momentum hari berdirinya Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia pada 17 Mei 1980.
Dalam pengesahan Hari Buku Nasional itu banyak dari elemen masyarakat, khususnya kelompok pecinta buku yang mendorong terbentuknya hari peringatan tersebut. Bukan tanpa alasan, penetapan itu memiliki tujuan utama yakni diharapkan dapat menumbuhkan budaya atau meningkatkan minat membaca dan menulis (budaya literasi ) dikalangan masyarakat. Hal ini dikarenakan minat baca masyarakat Indonesia masih tergolong rendah.
Berbagai hasil survey dan penelitian telah membuktikan hal tersebut, semisal survey dari UNESCO pada tahun 2011. Survey itu menunjukkan indeks tingkat membaca masyarakat di Indonesia hanya sebesar 0,001 persen. Artinya, dari 1000 penduduk, hanya ada satu orang saja yang memiliki keinginan untuk membaca buku. Sementara pada hasil penelitian Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), disebutkan bahwa budaya literasi masyarakat Indonesia berada di urutan ke 64 dari 65 negara yang diteliti. Dalam penelitian yang sama pula, PISA menunjukkan hasil dari minat baca siswa Indonesia yang ditempatkan pada urutan ke 57 dari 65 negara yang diteliti. Bahkan pada sebuah survei penelitian yang dirilis oleh Most Literate Nations pada Maret 2016 silam terkait pemeringkatan literasi internasional, Indonesia menempati urutan kedua terbawah dari total 61 negara yang diteliti.
Rendahnya budaya literasi di Indonesia tentu telah menjadi tantangan tersendiri yang perlu disikapi dari tahun ke tahun. Pemerintah sendiri terus berusaha mengatasi permasalahan tersebut melalui sejumlah kebijakan yang dikeluarkan. Pada tahun 2015, pemerintah mencanangkan sebuah program dengan mempromosikan Gerakan Literasi Bangsa (GLB). Gerakan ini tercantum dalam Permendikbud Nomor 23 Tahun 2015 tentang Penumbuhan Budi Pekerti. Dalam Permendikbut itu disebutkan bahwa GLB memiliki tujuan untuk dapat menumbuhkan budi pekerti anak melalui budaya membaca dan menulis (literasi).
GLB sendiri mengambil model penumbuhan budi pekerti dengan cara seperti menganjurkan setiap siswa untuk membaca selama lima belas menit setiap hari sebelum pelajaran dimulai. Cara seperti ini diharapkan kedepannya dapat menimbulkan kebiasaan yang positif bagi siswa terutama dalam meningkatkan minat baca dan tulis (literasi). Gerakan ini kemudian dikenal dengan Gerakan Literasi Nasional, yang di dalamnya terdapat beberapa sub-gerakan seperti Gerakan Literasi Sekolah, Gerakan Literasi Keluarga, Gerakan Literasi Masyarakat, dan Gerakan Satu Guru Satu Buku.
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